Sillyness essays

Sillyness essays Marriage in medieval France was similar to the modern forms but one main difference then was recognition of socially acceptable and binding unions. Medieval society recognized more than one form of matrimony. These different forms of marriage included types such as Muntehe and Friedelehe as well as the holding of concubines. In addition to the accepted types of unions the circumstances which made them official is also an important and relevant topic. The most important of these was desponsatio, the first stage of matrimonial procedures. Starting in the first half of the ninth century Frankish law recognized two distinct forms of marriage, although they both had different degrees of seriousness. These were Muntehe and Friedelehe, both were commonly used at this time. Muntehe was the more formal of the two. In this form a permanent transfer of property from one family to another was expected. This was more legally binding and showed the other family and community that this was a strong union that was expected to last. This was also the choice way to form alliances among families. The second variety was Friedelehe, this too was an official marriage but it was often temporary and did not require the transfer of property. An important and often over looked characteristic of Friedelehe is that the children were legitimate and were recognized as heirs if there were none from a Muntehe vow. In Friedelehe the father was often loaning his daughter. Often times one family needed land or some kind of resource, this form of marriage acted as a type of loan. It was an important part of economic patchwork of Frankish medieval society. Many affluent members of society were not fond of Muntehe because it often meant handing over a substantial amount of land. Duby even mentions Charlemagne own life and how he would not allowed his daughters to enter Muntehe unions because they were too binding. It seems handing over power and land to another man...

Analysis of John Smiths Advertising Campaign Essays

Analysis of John Smiths Advertising Campaign Essays Analysis of John Smiths Advertising Campaign Paper Analysis of John Smiths Advertising Campaign Paper The advertising campaign I chose to look at was for John Smiths. The famous British beer with the No Nonsense attitude, John Smiths is the number one ale brand in the UK, selling over one million pints every day with annual retail sales in excess of i 650 million. High profile marketing, incorporating TV advertising, sponsorships and innovative consumer promotions, has driven John Smiths success to the point where the brands on trade sales total more than its two nearest competitors added together. The brands annual marketing investment, which stands at a record of  £ 20 million, was much to be congratulated by its No Nonsense TV campaign with comedian Peter Kay which dramatises the virtues of a No Nonsense approach to life. The John Smiths advertising campaign with Peter Kay has earned almost 50 advertising and marketing awards to date. More importantly, the advertising has captured the hearts and minds of consumers everywhere helping the brand build on its dominance as the number one ale brand in the UK. For Scottish Courage (the owners of John Smiths), the challenge for its John Smiths brand was to achieve dominance of the ale sector. The objective for 2002 communications was to create a sense of brand ubiquity (maintaining high advertising awareness, increasing spontaneous brand awareness and consideration), make the brand more attractive to younger male drinkers without scaring away older drinkers, and also to strengthen the consumer franchise overall. A requirement was also to make the brand more attractive to the trade to help secure broader distribution. In order to make the share of impact much greater than share of spending, Scottish Courage needed a communications property with high advertising impact that could also be carried below the line. The role of the advertising was to further develop the No Nonsense idea, which had already been successfully introduced in previous campaigns. The premise of No Nonsense ads was to strike a chord with the audience and make ale drinkers feel more comfortable about drinking John Smiths. The key target market was identified as 20 and 30 something men, both existing ale drinkers and prospects. The proposition being No Nonsense Ale for No Nonsense Blokes. TBWA/London developed a creative idea involving comedian Peter Kay in various humorous situations. Televisions reach potential and its ability to generate massive awareness amongst a young male target market were obviously key factors in determining the eventual media mix. In terms of traditional advertising, television secured almost the entire spend, with only limited budgets allocated to press and radio. After ditching Jack Dee as its brand spokesman over 5 years ago, the makers of John Smiths bitter returned to the comedy circuit for a i 20 million advertising campaign starring the up-and-coming stand-up Peter Kay. He is intertextual because he is well known through his comedy programs such as Phoenix Nights. Scottish Courage ended its contract with the old comic (Jack Dee) in 1998 saying John Smiths was so famous it no longer needed a celebrity to endorse it. Instead, the brewer came up with No-nonsense man, a cardboard cut-out of an ordinary bloke shown sipping a pint of John Smiths on a deck chair and in his local pub. Then came theyre biggest and most recent campaign, the biggest ever for the brand, it will continue with the gimmick-free approach for which John Smiths has become famous Peter Kay. Here are three of the six adverts made from the recent John Smiths campaign: Ave It, Wardrobe Monsters and Top Bombing. The other three successful adverts that I will not be looking at were: Snooker, Showstopper and the most recent advert shown on television from John Smiths, Doorstep Challenge. The first ad, titled Ave It, had the narrative opening on a muddy recreation ground with a group of young football players showing off/practising their keepy uppy skills. After each individual demonstration, the player effortlessly passes the ball to a colleague keeping it off the ground, until it reaches the solid figure of Peter Kay. He then promptly boots the ball far away into a neighbouring garden whilst saying Ave it! The ad closes as Peter Kay self-congratulates himself for a moment saying oh yes, then opts for a can of John Smiths over the traditional half-time oranges and the John Smiths slogan No Nonsense appears. This advert clearly represents Peter Kay as a laid back individual as the players before him had been doing all that fancy footwork and he just trumps in and wellies it totally uncontrolled, and he is also proud of himself. He represents himself by the way he speaks and the way he chooses the beer over the oranges is clearly to show the whole idea of a no nonsense lifestyle. The advert is of a sporting genre, which shows us that the intended audience is probably for men above 18. The next John Smiths advert I looked at was one called Wardrobe Monsters. The advert opens with two couples eating together in a restaurant laughing (laid back), Peter Kay being one of the male partners. His mobile phone rings and answers it to find that its the babysitter looking after his daughter. His daughter, Britney, speaks to him on the phone and informs him that she is having nightmares about the wardrobe monsters. He tells her, theres no such thing as wardrobe monsters, its the burglars that brake in through the window thats you want to be worried about. He then ironically says sweet dreams to his daughter than asks for two more beers from the bar without even realising what he has said to his daughter, showing his laid back approach to life. He takes a sip of his pint, then realises that they are all starring at him and says what? Also showing he was being serious about the way he replied to his daughter but comedian towards the audience at the same time. The final image is of a pint of John Smiths and as before its slogan No Nonsense, summing up the whole point of the advert. This advert probably appeals to both male and female audiences as it is concentrating on the non-seriousness of Peter Kays ideas towards parenthood. The final John Smiths advert I looked at from its most recent campaign is entitled Top Bombing. The advert starts in the scene of some sort of diving event e. g. Olympics. Everything comes across to be authentic as we see real diving platforms and pools, a commentator expressing his feelings on the dives, a voice in the background telling the type of dive and judges score, action replays of the dives, and also diagetic sounds e. g. jumping off platforms and the diver hitting the water. First we see a diver from Australia, Darren Croll. He does a spectacular dive involving lots of twists and turns. The commentator says, Oh thats a good dive! Next there is a diver from Canada, Petit. He also does an amazing dive consisting of lots of summersaults, the commentator says oh even better! Then he says, now the favourite John Smith for Great Britain. We then see the image of Peter Kay standing on the platform with his hands in his pockets acting like its nothing to be in the competition. We briefly hear the speaker in the background say what he is about to do, a running bomb. Peter Kay throws himself off the platform, making the water splash everywhere, e ven over the judges. The commentator then says, oh terrific the crowd love it, and so do the judges! He says this as the speaker reads out all of his scores as 10, beating the other two divers by a lot. The commentator finishes by saying, top bombing! Peter Kay climbs up the swimming pool ladder to get out and exposes the top of his bottom and waves to the crowd. Once again showing how laid back and proud he is of his lifestyle. Also as in the other adverts there is an image of a pint of John Smiths beer and the slogan No Nonsense, supporting the idea of the whole advert. This advert would have been aimed at anyone 18+ as it is mainly just mocking the fact that he beat these extremely hard dives by doing a running bomb, which is effortless. To maximise the impact of the investment, Scottish Courage together with Media Vest developed a focused TV buying strategy. A high percentage of the advertising was placed in and around mainly sports programming on the terrestrial channels e. g. Cricket on 4, World Cup and Grand Prix on ITV1, and the various Sky Sports channels. Sports programming offered a good fit with existing John Smiths drinkers TV viewing patterns. John Smiths is involved in a lot of horse racing advertising at the races. John Smiths association with racing dates back to 1959 when the brewers Magnet Ale became the first commercial sponsor in flat racing, entering into an enduring partnership with the nearby racecourse at York. Now re-titled the John Smiths Cup, it is the longest-established flat race sponsorship in Britain. John Smith was just 24 years of age when he purchased a run down brew house in Tadcaster in 1847 eight years after a horse called Lottery had won the first ever Grand National at Aintree beginning a successful brewing heritage that has spanned more than one and a half centuries. John Smiths current list of sponsored races include: The John Smiths Cup at York; The John Smiths Northumberland Plate; The John Smiths Midlands Grand National at Uttoxeter and The John Smiths Stakes at Newbury. The company has a long and successful track record in sports and arts sponsorship including, in the present day: The Fosters British Grand Prix; Kronenbourg 1664 Official Beer of the Open Golf Tournament; The John Smiths Cup at York; Scrumpy Jack official drink of the English Cricket Team and Becks Futures at the ICA. It also fitted well with potential John Smiths drinkers viewing habits (lager drinkers with a no nonsense attitude to life). The strategy provided John Smiths a dominant share of voice within the relevant sports programming context. Research shows that John Smiths enduring association with a no nonsense attitude plays a big part in its appeal to consumers and everything about Peters character reflects this. John Smiths is to sponsor the Grand National meeting in a new three-year multi-million pound title sponsorship agreement. The very first John Smiths Grand National meeting will take place on Thursday 7th Saturday 9th April 2005. The Grand National is the Worlds most famous race, broadcast in over 140 countries with an estimated audience of over 600 million viewers. The three-day meeting attracts 150,000 race goers. This just goes to show the amount of media coverage John Smiths advertising receives. There appears to be a clear understanding of what the advertising is saying about the John Smiths brand shown by all the awards won. This has built over the course of the campaign to date. Endorsement of the statement John Smiths is a humorous and down to earth brand is just one example. Attribution of image statements like is a brand for people like me have increased amongst all age groups. The Peter Kay campaign created massive awareness. It successfully communicated the brands no nonsense positioning in a way that people could really engage with. As a result people feel closer to the brand, which ultimately has had a positive impact on sales. The John Smiths campaign with Peter Kay has achieved massively considering it is only a piece of advertising for a type of ale. The TV commercials have been talked about in offices and pubs across the country, and sayings such as Ave it have entered everyday conversation and discussion. The latest No Nonsense campaign has carried on a strong tradition of memorable and highly successful John Smiths TV advertising. The advertising has resulted in increased awareness and sales. It also won a number of awards including the Creative Circle and Campaign magazines Campaign of the Year 2002. The judges described the advertising as a brilliant campaign that has entered peoples everyday lives while significantly boosting sales and winning fans, plaudits and column inches galore in the process.

Carr and the Thesis

Edward Carr begins What is History? By saying what he thinks history is not†¦by being negative. In Carr’s words, what history is not, or should not be, is a way of constructing historical accounts that are obsessed with both the facts and the documents which are said to contain them. Carr believes that by doing this the profoundly important shaping power of the historian will surely be downplayed. Carr goes on to argue – in his first chapter- that this downgrading of historiography arose because mainstream historians combined three things: first, a simple but very strong assertion that the proper function of the historian was to show the past as ‘it really was’; second, a positivist stress on inductive method, where you first get the facts and then draw conclusions from them; and third – and this especially in Great Britain – a dominant empiricist rationale. Together, these constituted for Carr what still stood for the ‘commonsenseà ¢â‚¬â„¢ view of history: The empirical theory of knowledge presupposes a complete separation between subject and object. Facts, like sense-impressions, impinge on the observer from outside and are independent of his consciousness. The process of reception is passive: having received the data, he then acts on them†¦This consists of a corpus of ascertained facts†¦First get your facts straight, then plunge at your peril into the shifting sands of interpretation – that is the ultimate wisdom of the empirical, commonsense school of history. 2 Clearly, however, commonsense doesn’t work for Mr.Carr. For he sees this as precisely the view one has to reject. Unfortunately things begin to get a little complicated when Carr tries to show the light, since while it seems he has three philosophical ways of going about his studies one being epistemological and two ideological his prioritizing of the epistemological over the ideological makes history a science too complex for comprehension to anyone other than himself. Carr’s epistemological argument states that not all the ‘facts of the past’ are actually ‘historical facts. Furthermore, there are vital distinctions to be drawn between the ‘events’ of the past, the ‘facts’ of the past and the ‘historical’ facts. That ‘historical facts’ only become this way is by being branded so by recognized historians. Carr develops this argument as follows: What is a historical fact? †¦According to the commonsense view, there are certain basic facts which are the same for all historians and which form, so to speak, the backbone of history the fact, for example, that the battle of Hastings was fought in 1066. But this view calls for two observations. In the first place, it is not with facts like these that the historian is primarily concerned. It is no doubt important to know that the great battle was fought in 1066 and not 1065 or 1067†¦The historian must not get these things wrong. But when points of this kind are raised, I am reminded of Housman’s remark that ‘accuracy is a duty, not a virtue’. To praise a historian for his accuracy is like praising an architect for using well-seasoned timber. It is a necessary condition of his work, but not his essential function. It is precisely for matters of this kind that the historian is entitled to rely on what have been called the ‘auxiliary sciences’ of history archaeology, epigraphy, numismatics, chronology, and so-forth. 3 Carr thinks that the insertion of such facts into a historical account, and the significance which they will have relative to other selected facts, depends not on any quality intrinsic to the facts ‘in and for themselves,’ but on the reading of events the historian chooses to give: It used to be said that facts speak for themselves. This is, of course, untrue. The facts speak only when the historian calls on them: it is he who decides to which facts to give the floor, and in what order or context†¦The only reason why we are interested to know that the battle was fought at Hastings in 1066 is that historians regard it as a major historical event. It is the historian who has decided for his own reasons that Caesar’s crossing of that petty stream, the Rubicon, is a fact of history, whereas the crossings of the Rubicon by millions of other people†¦interests nobody at all†¦The historian is [therefore] necessarily selective. The belief in a hard core of historical facts existing objectively and independently of the historian is a preposterous fallacy, but one which it is very hard to eradicate. 4 Following on from this, Carr ends his argument with an illustration of the process by which a slight event from the past is transformed into a ‘historical fact’. At Stalybridge Wakes, in 1850, Carr tells us about a gingerbread seller being beaten to death by an angry mob; this is a well documented and authentic ‘fact from the past. But for it to become a ‘historical fact,’ Carr argues that it needed to be taken up by historians and inserted by them into their interpretations, thence becoming part of our historical memory. In other words concludes Carr: Its status as a historical fact will turn on a question of interpretation. This element of interpretation enters into every fact of history. 5 This is the substance of Carr’s first argument and the first ‘positionâ€⠄¢ that is easily taken away after a quick read his work. Thereby initially surmising that Carr thinks that all history is just interpretation and there are really no such things as facts. This could be an easily mislead conclusion if one ceases to read any further. If the interpretation of Carr stops at this point, then not only are we left with a strong impression that his whole argument about the nature of history, and the status of historical knowledge, is effectively epistemological and skeptical, but we are also not in a good position to see why. It’s not until a few pages past the Stalybridge example that Carr rejects that there was too skeptical a relativism of Collingwood, and begins a few pages after that to reinstate ‘the facts’ in a rather unproblematical way, which eventually leads him towards his own version of objectivity. Carr’s other two arguments are therefore crucial to follow, and not because they are explicitly ideological. The first of the two arguments is a perfectly reasonable one, in which Carr is opposed to the obsession of facts, because of the resulting common sense view of history that turns into an ideological expression of liberalism. Carr’s argument runs as follows. The classical, liberal idea of progress was that individuals would, in exercising their freedom in ways which took ‘account’ of the competing claims of others somehow and without too much intervention, move towards a harmony of interests resulting in a greater, freer harmony for all. Carr thinks that this idea was then extended into the argument for a sort of general intellectual laissez-faire, and then more particularly into history. For Carr, the fundamental idea supporting liberal historiography was that historians, all going about their work in different ways but mindful of the ways of others, would be able to collect the facts and allow the ‘free-play’ of such facts, thereby securing that they were in harmony with the events of the past which were now truthfully represented. As Carr puts this: The nineteenth century was, for the intellectuals of Western Europe, a comfortable period exuding confidence and optimism. The facts were on the whole satisfactory; and the inclination to ask and answer awkward questions about them correspondingly weak†¦The liberal†¦view of history had a close affinity with the economic doctrine of laissez-faire – also the product of a serene and self-confident outlook on the world. Let everyone get on with his particular job, and the hidden hand would take care of the universal harmony. The facts of history were themselves a demonstration of the supreme fact of a beneficent and apparently infinite progress towards higher things. 6 Carr’s second argument is therefore both straightforward and ideological. His point is that the idea of the freedom of the facts to speak for themselves arose from the happy coincidence that they just happened to speak liberal. But of course Carr did not. Thereby knowing that in the history he wrote the facts had to be made to speak in a way other than liberal (i. e. in a Marxist type of way) then his own experience of making ‘the facts’, his facts, is universalized to become everyone’s experience. Historians, including liberals, have to transform the ‘facts of the past’ into ‘historical facts’ by their positioned intervention. And so, Carr’s second argument against ‘commonsense’ history is ideological. For that matter, so is the third. But if the second of Carr’s arguments is easy to see, his third and final one is not. This argument needs a little ironing out. In the first two critiques of ‘commonsense’ history, Carr has effectively argued that the facts have no ‘intrinsic’ value, but that they’ve only gained their ‘relative’ value when historians put them into their accounts after all the other facts were under consideration. The conclusion Carr drew is that the facts only speak when the historian calls upon them to do so. However, it was part of Carr’s position that liberals had not recognized the shaping power of the historian because of the ‘cult of the fact’ and that, because of the dominance of liberal ideology, their view had become commonsense, not only for themselves, but for practically all historiography. It appeared to Carr that historians seemed to subscribe to the position that they ought to act as the channel through which ‘the facts of the past for their own sake’ were allowed self-expression. But Carr, not wanting to go the route of his fellow historians, nor wanting to succumb to the intellectual complaints about the demise of the experience of originality, says: In the following pages I shall try to distance myself from prevailing trends among Western intellectuals†¦to show how and why I think they have gone astray and to stake out a claim, if not for an optimistic, at any rate for a saner and more balanced outlook on the future. 7 It is therefore this very pointed position which stands behind and gives most, if not all, of the reason for Carr’s writing What is History? Carr himself seems to be quite clear that the real motive behind his text was the ideological necessity to re-think and re-articulate the idea of continued historical progress among the ‘conditions’ and the doubters of his own ‘skeptical days’. Carr’s ‘real’ concern was ‘the fact’ that he thought the future of the whole modern world was at stake. Carr’s own optimism cannot be supported by ‘the facts’, so that his own position is just his opinion, as equally without foundation as those held by optimistic liberals. Consequently, the only conclusion that can arguably be drawn is that ‘the past’ doesn’t actually enter into historiography, except rhetorically. In actuality there should be no nostalgia for the loss of a ‘real’ past, no sentimental memory of a more certain time, nor a panic that there are no foundations for knowledge other than rhetorical conversation.

Synthesis paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Synthesis paper - Essay Example i. To establish the level to which alternating air mattress overlays could be effective in preventing the incidence of such developments while in comparison with static air mattress overlays in hospitalized set-ups Results: In the first comparative review by Chou and team (2013), the results confirmed the position by many studies that an alternating air mattress results t a lower incidence of pressure ulcers while compared to a static air mattress. From the second review, constant low-pressure or alternating support services result to lowered incidence rates of pressure ulcers with the hospitalized patents. In the third study, one study reviewed showed that using static air mattress outlays like foam mattresses for such patients would not prevent the occurrence but rather delayed it. Hospitalized patients and especially the elderly suffer an increased risk of developing pressure ulcers examples of which are pressure sores, bed sores as well as decubitus. The ulcers have been studies over years and the prevalence have been identified to range from 0.4% to 38% within acute care settings (Chou et al, 2013). Other factors that have been pointed out to contribute towards the prevalence variance are age, body weight as well as race. There are various mechanisms that have been embraced with efforts towards reducing the risks of developing the pressure ulcers such as the use of static overlays, alternating pressure and using air fluidized beds (Fulton, Monro & Wallen, 2009). The effectiveness of either of these tools however vary and hence the necessity of such a comparison as this study. The levels of pressure ulcers within hospitalized settings have been in use for assessment of patient service and hospital safety. A principle that have been in use for preventing deve lopment of pressure ulcers have been removal of any pressure or avoidance of prolonged tissue pressure (Chu, 2013). However, it is to be

Exam 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Exam 3 - Essay Example These persons wish to be alpha male and would value physical aggression and machismos. They would pose as the authority figures for the victims that they would meet in meeting places. They rarely have a specific target and do not intend to kill their victims, but often humiliate and traumatize them. On the other hand would be the power reassurance rapists who do not value physical aggression; are socially deficient; are averagely intelligent; and do not excel in developing romantic or interpersonal relationships. Termed as the least violent, these rapists, accounting for 27.5% of rape crimes, would select and stalk their victim before attacking them, thus are people known to the victims (Atkinson & Bailey, 2008). Other than power, anger shapes up anger retaliation rapists, often substance abusers, exuding anger related pathologies and impulsive behavior. Not being specific on any target, these rapists, accounting for about 28% of the rapes, would have animosity against the gender to be attacked (Gayle, 2009). Low on intelligence, anger retaliatory rapists are spontaneous and often brutal and even though they do not intend to kill, they could beat dead their victims. As such, they leave behind evidence. Finally, the most dangerous yet so elusive type of rapists referred to as anger excitation rapists account for about 4.5% of rape cases (Atkinson & Bailey, 2008). These, often sadistic rapists, could or could not select their victims, often murdering to avoid being identified by the victim or just for self-gratification. To rehabilitate these rapists, this paper borrows recommendations by Hedlund and GÃ ¶thberg (2005) to implement the best approach. Power assertive and power reassurance rapists seek to resolve their insufficiencies through rape; they commit the crime, not as a solution, but rather in search for a solution that

Personal development plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Personal development plan - Essay Example Upon discussing the important key skills as a promising young Civil Engineer, strategic ways on how I manage to improve my technical knowledge, other related skills, and career path on building construction be tackled in details. Among the important key skills of a promising young civil engineer includes: a good leadership skill, creativity and technical knowledge required in leading a construction project, and good communication skills. Since civil engineers are planners who are responsible in managing people, a good leadership skill is necessary to ensure that internal conflicts are avoided and/or well-negotiated. One of the best ways to win the trust and respect of fellow engineers and subordinates is to show competitive technical knowledge needed when managing a construction project. To avoid unnecessary human errors caused by miscommunication, civil engineers should improve their communication skills at all levels. Since I was 6 years old, my father who works as an engineer introduced me to a lot of basic engineering theories and concepts. Having a strong basic engineering background made me develop enthusiasm in learning and knowing how buildings, roads, and bridges are being constructed. With the purpose of fulfilling my future goals, I managed to earn a diploma on Civil Engineering at the Technology College of Onizah right I graduated from high school. To further enhance my knowledge and skills as a civil engineer, I went through another year of professional training at the Council of Badaya. Because of my desire to pursue a career in Civil Engineering, I spent a lot of time reading building construction and architectural books during my free time. I read books not only regarding how each buildings, roads, and bridges are uniquely designed, constructed, and maintained but also books related to physics, mathematics, and project management related to civil engineering. Aside from

International Law Of The Sea Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

International Law Of The Sea - Essay Example Part VII of the Agreement deals with living resources of the high seas through Article 116, Article 117, Article 118, Article 119 and Article 120. Before delving deep into the functions of the fisheries management organisations it is of great concern to know what the UNCLOS Articles state on the role of the regional fishery management organisations. Article116 provides the right to fish to all the countries and their citizens to practice fishing on the high seas on certain conditions, which include: (a) Their treaty responsibilities; (b) the rights and duties as well as the stakes of coastal nations provided for, among other things, in article 63, paragraph 2, and articles 64 to 67; and (c) The conditions as given in this Section. Under Article117, the concerned state has responsibility to follow with regard to its citizens assess for management of the marine resources of the high seas. Cooperation with other states in this regard is central to the conservation of marine resources on the high seas (UNCLOS). Under Article 118, the spirit of Article 117 is taken ahead through cooperation states shall take fresh steps and enter into accords with other states for commercially using the similar water resources or dissimilar water resources on the same region with the purpose of conserving the water resources. It is the responsibility of the states to set up regional or sub-regional fisheries organisations (UNCLOS). Article 119 is also dedicated to conservation of fish stocks of the high seas. 1. It stipulates conditions on deciding the permissible catch and setting up other safeguarding steps for the fish stocks, such as: (a) found suitable as based on scientific knowledge on which the concerned states can depend upon for preserving the fish populations of cropped species at standards that ensure long term production as based on suitable environmental and economic considerations, particularly of the developing countries, considering the fishing methods at all levels of fishing – regional, sub-regional and international; (b) States pay attention to the impact on the species related to or relying on harvested species with the aim of preserving fish populations of such related or relying on species beyond limits at which their populations could not be increased through breeding. 2. All global organisations working for conservation and management of fish stocks shall communicate and exchange related scientific facts, catch and fishing statisitics at all levels of cooperation, regional, sub-regional and global with the suitable active contribution from the respective governments of the organisations. 3. Fishermen shall be treated impartially irrespective of the fact related to their specific state citizenship rights while taking conservative steps and enforcing them. Article120 is meant for marine mammals; Article 65 is also relevant to the conservation and management of marine mammals in the high seas (UNCLOS). An attempt at analysing the r ole of RFMOs will include all regional groups. First of all an attempt on the conservation and management of the Northeast Atlantic Region will be made to be followed up with an assessment of the other regions (UNCLOS). Northeast Atlantic Region The production data on chondrichthyans from 1985-2006 in the Northeast Atl